Civil Engineering Laboratory: Transportation

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Marshal Methode

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<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">DEVELOPMETN AND APPLICATION:</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
The concepts of the Marshall method of designing paving mixtures were
formulated by The original Marshall method is applicable only to hot-mix
asphalt paving mixtures containing aggregates with maximum size of 25 mm (1
in.) or less. A modified Marshall method has been proposed for aggregates with
maximum sizes up to 38 mm (1.5 in.). The Marshall method is intended for
laboratory design and field control of asphalt hot-mix dense-graded paving
mixtures. Because the Marshall stability test is empirical in nature, the
meaning of the results in terms of estimating relative field behavior is lost
when any modification is made to the standard procedures.</span></div>
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 Padastal Hummer </div>
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 Water Bath</div>
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Marshal Methode

DEVELOPMETN AND APPLICATION: The concepts of the Marshall method of designing paving mixtures were formulated by The original Marshall m...

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CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR)

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This<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
test method covers the determination of the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of
pavement subgrade, subbase and base/course materials from laboratory compacted
specimens. The test method is primarily intended for but not limited to,
evaluating the strength of cohesive materials having maximum particle sizes
less than ¾ in. (19mm).</span>

CALIFORNIA BEARING RATIO TEST (CBR)

This test method covers the determination of the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of pavement subgrade, subbase and base/course materials f...

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Loss & Heating

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This<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">
test method covers the determination of the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of
pavement subgrade, subbase and base/course materials from laboratory compacted
specimens. The test method is primarily intended for but not limited to,
evaluating the strength of cohesive materials having maximum particle sizes
less than ¾ in. (19mm).</span>

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Loss & Heating

This test method covers the determination of the CBR (California Bearing Ratio) of pavement subgrade, subbase and base/course materials f...

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Penetration of Bituminous

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>This test method covers determination of the
penetration of semi-solid and solid bituminous materials. Materials having
penetrations below 350 can be tested by the standard apparatus and procedure
described. Materials having penetrations between 350 and 500 can be determined
using the special apparatus and modifications given in section 9.3.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">1.2
This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment. This
standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with
its use. It is the responsibility of whoever uses this standard to consult and
establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.</span></div>
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Penetration of Bituminous

1.1 This test method covers determination of the penetration of semi-solid and solid bituminous materials. Materials having penetratio...

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Cleveland Flash and Fire Point

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This method describes a test procedure for
determining the flash and fire points, Cleveland Open Cup Tester, of all
petroleum products except fuel oils and those having an opencup flash below
175°F. The flash point is the temperature at which a bituminous material,
during heating, will evolve vapors that will temporarily ignites or flash when
a small flame is brought in contact with them. The fire point is the
temperature at which the evolve vapors will ignite and continue to burn.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">To
make the test, the material is heated in an open cup, and at intervals a small
flame is applied near its surface. The lower temperature at which application
of the test flame causes the vapors to ignite is recorded as the flash point
while the temperature at which the vapors ignited and continue to burn for at
least 5 seconds is recorded as the fire point. The flash and fire point test is
purely a safety test. It indicates the maximum temperature to which the
material can be safely heated.</span></div>
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Cleveland Flash and Fire Point

This method describes a test procedure for determining the flash and fire points, Cleveland Open Cup Tester, of all petroleum products ...

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Specific Gravity of Bitumen

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
specific gravity of semi-solid bituminous materials, asphalt cements, and soft
tar pitches shall be expressed as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of
the material at 25°C (77°F) or at 15.6°C (60°F) to that of an equal volume of
water at the same temperature, and shall be expressed thus:</span>

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">Specific
gravity, 25/25°C (77/77°F) or 15.6/15.6°C (60/60°F)</span></div>
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Specific Gravity of Bitumen

The specific gravity of semi-solid bituminous materials, asphalt cements, and soft tar pitches shall be expressed as the ratio of the mass...

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Flakiness & Elongation Index

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">This method is based on the
classification of aggregate particles as elongated when they have a length
(greatest dimension) of more than 1.8 of their nominal size, this size being
taken as the mean of the limiting sieve apertures used for determining the
size-fraction in which the particle occurs.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The elongation index of an aggregate
sample is found by separating the elongated particles and expressing their mass
as a percentage of the mass of the sample tested. The test is not applicable to
material passing a 6.30 mm BS test sieve or retained on a 50 mm BS test sieve.</span></div>
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Flakiness & Elongation Index

This method is based on the classification of aggregate particles as elongated when they have a length (greatest dimension) of more than ...

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Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV)

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The aggregate Impact value gives a
relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact,
which in some aggregates differs from its resistance to a slowly applied
compressive load. With aggregate of aggregate impact value higher than 30 the
result may be anomalous. Also, aggregate sizes ‘larger than 14 mm are not
appropriate to the aggregate impact test.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The standard aggregate impact test shall
be made on aggregate passing a 14.0 mm BS test sieve and retained on a10.0 mm
BS test sieve. If required, or if the standard size is not available, smaller
sizes may be tested but owing to the non-homogeneity of aggregates the results
are not likely to be the same as those obtained from the standard size. In
general, the smaller sizes of aggregates will give a lower-impact value but the
relationship between the values obtained with different sizes may vary from one
aggregate to another.</span></div>
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Aggregate Crushing Value (ACV)

The aggregate Impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates...

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Softening Point Bituminous

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
ring and ball softening point is extensively used to evaluate the consistency
of bituminous binders. It is a very simple one, consisting of placing a 3/8in.
diameter steel ball on a binder sample placed in a steel ring and immersed in a
water bath. Heat is applied to the water and its temperature is raised until a
value is reached when the test sample become sufficiently soft to allow the
ball, enveloped in binder to fall down. The water temperature at which this
occurs is called the ring and ball softening point.</span></div>
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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The
softening point is not a melting point; bituminous binder do not melt but
instead gradually change from semi-solids to liquids on the application of
heat. It is useful for determining the temperature susceptibilities of bitumens
which are to be used in thick films, such as in crack filters. When two bitmens
have the same penetration value, the one with higher softening point is
normally less susceptible to temperature changes.</span></div>
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Softening Point Bituminous

The ring and ball softening point is extensively used to evaluate the consistency of bituminous binders. It is a very simple one, consist...

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Determination of Aggregate impact Value (AIV)

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The aggregate Impact value gives a
relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact,
which in some aggregates differs from its resistance to a slowly applied
compressive load. With aggregate of aggregate impact value higher than 30 the
result may be anomalous. Also, aggregate sizes ‘larger than 14 mm are not
appropriate to the aggregate impact test.</span>

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<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">The standard aggregate impact test shall
be made on aggregate passing a 14.0 mm BS test sieve and retained on a10.0 mm
BS test sieve. If required, or if the standard size is not available, smaller
sizes may be tested but owing to the non-homogeneity of aggregates the results
are not likely to be the same as those obtained from the standard size. In
general, the smaller sizes of aggregates will give a lower-impact value but the
relationship between the values obtained with different sizes may vary from one
aggregate to another.</span></div>
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<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzjxcMgbuoM1SkavOIGWEL_BRJoESUFqXjW7fbFW2TdqDfZkmqjhxO7D0BzQXkSV80CIINi-BMKu9FUf7N1cT6snBBk-2DaUud7LgXnq43Yt3I9-S1ue9BI2ulhfu3fiiDCRQp0Nb_wg/s1600/AIV.jpg"><img border="0" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiWzjxcMgbuoM1SkavOIGWEL_BRJoESUFqXjW7fbFW2TdqDfZkmqjhxO7D0BzQXkSV80CIINi-BMKu9FUf7N1cT6snBBk-2DaUud7LgXnq43Yt3I9-S1ue9BI2ulhfu3fiiDCRQp0Nb_wg/s1600/AIV.jpg" width="111" /></a></div>
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</div>

Determination of Aggregate impact Value (AIV)

The aggregate Impact value gives a relative measure of the resistance of an aggregate to sudden shock or impact, which in some aggregates d...

+ Read more »